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A LITTLE JOURNEY 

TO 

ENGLAND 

PART I 

LONDON AND LIVERPOOL 



BY 

MARIAN M. GEORGE 



FOR INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER 
GRADES 



CHICAGO 

A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 






OOPYRIGHT, 1901, 

By A. FLANAGAN COMPANY. 



A Little Journey to 
England. 



PART I, 



LONDON AND LIVERPOOL. 

"A snug little island ! 
A bright little, tight little island! 
Search the globe round, 
And none can be found 
So happy as this little island." 



You and I may not agree with the person who 
wrote this bit ot verse about England, but our English 
ancestors believed it firmly. To them "Old England" 
was the most beautiful spot on earth. We can under- 
stand why America did not seem an attractive country 
to them, for they endured much suffering and hardship 
during the first few years they spent here. 

When they left their comfortable homes in Eng- 
land and came to America they found but a wilder- 
ness. Much of the time their lives were in danger 
from unfriendly Indians, and in addition to this they 
sometimes suffered for lack of food and other necessi- 
ties, so we cannot wonder at their looking back upon 
England as a happier place in which to live. 

They told their children stories of the pleasant 
years spent in the old home in England, and these chil- 
dren came to have something of the same affection 
for the mother country as the parents. To-day 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 




JUBILEE PORTRAIT OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 5 

the name and pictured face of England's former 
queen, Victoria, are almost as familiar as that of our own 
president. And though to us no country can be so 
dear as America, no foreign land can be so interesting 
as England, the home of our ancestors. 

When our grandparents came to the place where 
Chicago now stands, they found but a frog pond. They 
came west in wagons and it took them weeks to make 
the trip from the Atlantic Coast. 

If these pioneers could be here to-day and take the 
trip from Chicago to New York on the "Pennsylvania 
Limited' ' with us, their eyes would open wide with 
astonishment at the marvelous changes that have 
taken place. 

They came west in wagons. We are leaving the 
West in a train that gives the comforts and freedom 
enjoyed in a home. We are not obliged to remain in 
one compartment, but have at our disposal a cafe, a 
dining room, a smoking room, a parlor, bed rooms and 
a bath. There are also a library and cosy corners for 
reading and lounging. 

If one wishes to write letters there is a train sten- 
ographer and typewriter to call upon, and the mail is 
collected from the train. What more could the most 
exacting traveller desire ? 

There is an observation parlor too, where one may 
view the scenery through plate glass windows until 
darkness falls about. Swiftly the train bears us 

"Through fertile fields 
And pretty vales, 
By mountain streams 
On guarded rails. 



6 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Here pastures green, 
There marts of trade, 
Or well-kept farms 
And woodland shade." 

The next evening finds us in New York — a trip that 
required weeks and even months of travel seventy- 
five years ago. We can sail from New York in a fast 
steamer and land on England's shore in six da}^s, — a 
trip that would also have taken months of time during 
the life of our great-great-grandparents. What fortu- 
nate people we are to live in the twentieth century. 
We would scarcely know how to get along without the 
steam cars and steamships. 




THE VOYAGE. 

New York is not the only point of departure for 
Europe, but it is the principal one. From this port 
thirty companies send steamers every week to Eur- 
opean ports. 

Our steamer lies at the wharf, clean, nagged and 
giving signs of her readiness to depart by letting off 
steam. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 7 

As the hour for sailing approaches, the wharf 
swarms with people, of all ages and kinds. Vendors 
of steamer chairs, flowers, pop-corn and candies, 
mingle their shouts with those of newsboys, drivers 
of baggage wagons and coaches; express messengers 
and telegraph boys hurry through the crowds with . 
notes and gifts of fruit and flowers for departing pas- 
sengers. 

On board the vessel the crowd is even greater than 
on shore. Across the gang plank and at the end 
stands a uniformed officer, who directs us to the saloon 
or parlor. Cabin boys are rushing about with sat- 
chels, boxes and trunks, 

The decks, dining room and saloon are filled with 
people. Some of these are passengers and others are 
friends, come to bid them good bye. Visitors walk 
about the ship, peering into the state rooms, dining 
room and other parts of the ship with curious eyes. 
Many of them have never seen an ocean steamer 
before. 

A bell rings to warn them that it is time to go ashore, 
and the next minute they hurry down the gang plank 
while their friends assemble on the upper deck. The 
great fog horn sounds; the last pieces of baggage are 
lowered into the hull, the gang planks taken up, the 
cables shipped and we are off on a three thousand 
mile voyage. 

The wharf with its cheering multitude is left behind 
and after the last glimpse of the harbor we retire to 
our state rooms to arrange our belongings. 

The call to lunch comes very soon after leaving 
land and it finds us ready with keen appetites. By 



8 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



dinner time, however, we have no desire to even look 
at the dinner table. We feel sure we shall never care 
to eat another meal, and wish we were back on land 
again. Seasickness has driven many to their state 
rooms. 

The old ship-doctor walks about among the sick 
passengers and tells them that if they wish to be well 
at sea, they must laugh and keep out of doors. We 
take his advice and soon again enjoy the voyage. 

The first morning out is a great delight to the for- 
tunate traveler who is not seasick. After a bath, a 
cup of coffee and a biscuit, one is ready for an early 




OUR DINING ROOM. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 9 

walk on deck. There are not many out at this time 
and it is the best part of the day for a promenade. 

Breakfast follows the morning walk and this dis- 
posed of, every one not prostrated by sea-sickness 
gathers on deck again. Some wrap themselves in rugs 
and shawls and stretch out on steamer chairs to re- 
main for the greater part of the day. Here they read, 
talk, nap, and watch the water. 

Others vary the monotony by playing quoits, hop- 
scotch, bean bag, shuffle board, checkers or cards. 
By and by the band appears and for an hour there is 
music. Then the deck steward brings cups of coffee 
or beef tea to those who wish refreshments. Indeed 
it seems as if one does little else but eat, for five meals 
are served each day. 

The evening is the time for gaiety. The dining 
room is brilliantly lighted with electric lights and dur- 
ing the evening meal an orchestra plays. After din- 
ner we stroll out on the deck for the fresh breeze that 
is always blowing. 

The nights are beautiful and everyone remains on 
deck as late as possible to watch the starry skies and 
phosphorescent sparkle of the light-flooded sea. 
When the wind blows a stiff breeze the sea rises, and 
at times the ship seems almost engulfed in the moun- 
tain billows. The days are long. The twilight con- 
tinues so late that at 9 o'clock in the evening it seems 
not much later than seven at home. Time is kept 
by bells. We are puzzled at first at the difference be- 
tween the time shown by our watches and that of the 
ship, but find that we have gained from fifteen to 
twenty minutes a day by sailing eastward. 



10 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Some mornings are enlivened by a life-boat or fire 
drill, or a distant view of a passing ship, but the most 
exciting incident is an encounter with an iceberg. A 
long way off it appears like the back of a great camel. 
A closer view reveals a monster mass of ice, over a 
hundred feet rising out of the water. 

A ship officer tells us that the ship sometimes 
passes a hundred of these fragments of Arctic glaciers 
in a single ocean trip. We are not alarmed by the 
iceberg, since it is almost a quarter of a mile away, 
but we are glad that there is no fog at this particular 
time. A collision with one of these would probably 
destroy our vessel. 

We never tire of watching the birds that accom- 
pany the ship. There are some about the size of spar- 
rows, known as "Mother Gary's Chickens. " The sail- 
ors believe that certain disaster would come to their 
vessel if one of these birds were injured, and are care- 
ful not to hurt them. 

As we near the end of our voyage, large flocks of 
sea gulls sail about our ship. They are beautiful 
birds, about as large as crows. At times they settle 
on the water and ride the waves, and then suddenly 
arise and dart away, touching the waves with the tips 
of their wings. 

The voyage slips rapidly away, and the coast of 
Ireland draws nearer and nearer. The next to the 
last evening the passengers give an entertainment for. 
the benefit of a sailor who was injured during the last 
voyage made by our ship. Some of the passengers 
give selections on the piano or violin; others sing, re- 
cite or lecture, and a very pleasant evening is passeu. 



Xongitude from Greenwich. 



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A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 13 

Then comes the last night at sea, when all< gather 
on deck and sing, "Home, Sweet Home." Far away 
on the horizon flash the lights which sentinel Ireland. 
In the morning the ship stops at Queenslown for mail 
and passengers, and then speeds on its way once more 
for Liverpool, where we land. 

The island for which we are bound is one of a group 
that lies off the northwestern coast of Europe. Eng- 
land is the largest of the five thousand isles that are 
included in the British Isles. The island of Great 
Britain is divided into England, Wales and Scotland. 
England is the most important part of this island. It 
contains London, the capital of the British Empire, 
and Liverpool, one of the greatest seaports of the 
world. 

We have planned to spend our first month abroad 
in these two cities, another month in other parts of 
England and Wales, a third in Scotland and a fourth 
in Ireland. 

LIVERPOOL. 

England at last! How glad we are to enter the 
harbor and feel the solid earth beneath us once more. 
We have been told that Liverpool is one of the great- 
est seaports in the world, and are quite ready to be- 
lieve it when we see its wonderful docks. It is a city 
of ships. 

There are acres of masts and funnels, and the flags 
of all nations are fluttering over them. 

We do not understand at first why there are so few 
American flags among them, but learn later that the 
American people, as a rule, use English ships. Eng- 



14 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

land owns half the merchant vessels and steamships 
of the world, other nations employing them to trans- 
port goods and passengers, instead of building vessels 
of their own. 

Great Britain has twice as many vessels as the 
United States and London and Liverpool together 
have almost three times as much commerce as our 
greatest seaport, New York. 

America develops trade at home, and leaves the 
commerce of the seas to England. Ours is a man- 
ufacturing and agricultural nation. We have plenty 
of land and a rich home market. England lacks land 
but has the seas and a great foreign market. 

It is said that more ships enter Liverpool harbor 
yearly than any other port in the world, and that on 
its docks may be found sailors and merchant traders 
from every nation on the face of the earth. 

There are steamers in the harbor bringing cargoes 
of beef and grain from the plains of South America, 
beef and mutton from Australia, sugar, spices and 
fruits from the East and West Indies, fish and oil 
from the north, gums, ivory and hundreds of other 
things from goodness knows where. It is a wonderful 
sight to look down the Mersey River upon this army 
of ^hips coming in with the tide. 

Liverpool is built on the eastern shore of the Mer- 
sey, a tidal river. The tide rises and falls about fif- 
teen feet, and this has made it necessary to enclose 
the docks and build a landing stage for the use of pas- 
sengers from the great ocean steamers. 

Liverpool has seven miles of fine docks/faced with 
stone. They enclose almost three hundred and fifty 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 15 

acres of water. To walk around these would take a 
day, but one can ride a long distance beside them on 
the electric railway and get a good idea of what they 
are like. 

Different docks are used for different purposes. 
Some are for grain, some for lumber, others for cot- 
ton, and so on through a long list. The largest one is 
Alexandra dock, named after the queen. It covers 
over forty acres. There are sheds connected with 
these docks, and in and about them crowds of busy 
men. Wagons, vans and drays loaded with goods of 
every kind are moving back and forth. 

Trains of "goods vans" are also there being loaded 
and unloaded. The English have no freight trains 
such as ours. The freight is piled into open vans and 
covered with tarpaulin. The van is a short, four- 
wheeled wagon, something like a coal car but about a 
fourth as large. 

There are monstrous brick warehouses where goods 
are stored to be shipped or reshipped to other parts of 
the world. Liverpool's chief trading port is America. 
England sends to the United States and to the Eng- 
lish colonies for cotton, grains, live stock and tobacco. 
In return she sends out manufactured articles of wool, 
cotton and iron. The iron and steel goods are sent to 
Liverpool from other cities; coal and salt from the 
south and south-west part of England. 

Liverpool seems much like a busy city in the States. 
There are few ancient landmarks or interesting build- 
ings. The most magnificent structure is St. George's 
Hall, which is said to contain one of the finest organs 
in the world. We will not remain to hear it for we 



16 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

wish to hurry on to London. Few travellers remain 
here long, as there is little to interest them aside from 
the docks. 

But this we have learned, Liverpool is the most 
densely populated city in the world. It is also the 
chief emigrant station of Great Britain, and the great- 
est cotton market in the world. 

TRAVELING IN ENGLAND. 

Before taking the train for London we must find 
our baggage, which is in the inspection shed. This is a 
big enclosure on the wharf, with room for hundreds of 
trunks. Every piece is labeled with the name and 
destination of its owner ; so it is not hard to find ours. 
The trunks marked London are put in a place by 
themselves, while we wait for the custom house in- 
spectors to examine them. The porter unstraps the 
leather bands and throws the trunks open. The inspec- 
tor looks at the things and we declare that there is 
nothing there on which we should pay a duty. Tobacco, 
spirits and reprints of English books are the forbidden 
things. The porter then loads our trunks on a truck 
and takes them to a "goods van" of the waiting train 
that is to take us to London. No check is given to 
us. The railroad companies do not issue them. Each 
passenger must be on hand to pick out his baggage 
when his journey's end is reached. 

The stubby little English railroad carriages do not 
compare very favorably with our palace cars, but one 
finds them comfortable. America is a country of great 
distances, where a journey of four or five days is no 
uncommon experience. One needs for these long 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 17 

journeys every convenience and luxury of toilet to 
make the trip endurable. 

But in England the distances are short, the major- 
ity of journeys not requiring more than three hours. 
One is very seldom required to pass a night aboard a 
train. So you see the necessity for conveniences is 
not so urgent. 

The English people speak of their cars as carriages. 
The carriages are divided into three sections; first, 
second and third class. The first class is the most ex- 
pensive and is occupied by the wealthy. These cars 
are upholstered in cloth. The second class are not 
quite so fine, and the third class have brussels covered 
cushions in place of cloth. 

A section has two long seats facing each other, as 
in our horse cars. The windows are at the end 
of the sections instead of at the side. The section is 
locked between stations. Our tickets are taken by the 
guard at the end of the journey, instead of the begin- 
ning. 

Going to Liverpool, we sit in one of the saloon car- 
riages, in which passengers holding first class tickets 
are allowed to ride. In the middle of the car is a 
drawing room provided with reading tables. There is 
a dressing room at each end of the car, one for gentle- 
men and one for ladies. If we desire anything we 
have but to touch one of the many electric bells of the 
car. and an attendant enters and asks what we wish. 
There are only two stops between Liverpool and Lon- 
don, a distance of two hundred miles. This will take 
us over four hours. There is no dining car, so we tele- 
graph ahead to Crewe for lunch. When we arrive at 



18 A. LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

this place a boy at the station will bring it to us in 
wicker baskets. 

Now we are off and rushing along at the rate of 
fifty miles an hour. The railroad track does not cross 
the streets, but runs below or above them to avoid 
danger of accidents. The fare is two cents a mile. 

We cannot describe the beauty of the country in 
England, but it does our eyes good, and we feast them 
upon it. Through vales and along silver streams, 
across farms and wooded lands the train flies all 
too rapidly. We get only glimpses of poppied hedges, 
daisy-starred fields, patches of purple foxglove, ivy- 
covered walls and cottages. Here and there the spires 
of a country church or a little village show through 

the trees. 

LONDON. 

Here we are in London. The roar and rumble of 
its busy streets greet us as we step from the cars into 
the station. What a dreary, lonesome place it is. It 
is not so large a depot as the one in Boston. That is 
said to be the largest in the world. 

Who are these splendid looking men in fine uni- 
forms walking about? Only station and hotel porters! 
They look important enough to be generals, and we 
hesitate to ask them to assist us. 

The streets of central London are so crowded with 
traffic that underground railways have been built in 
that part of the city. These roads run in tunnels 
forty, fifty and sometimes a hundred feet under- 
ground. This is to avoid clashing with the system 
of sewers, gas and water mains, electric wire conduits 
and other pipes necessary in a great city. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



19 



Wherever stations are built in the business part of 
the city, subways are built for passengers. Smoke 

and bad air in the 
tunnel is avoided 
by using electric- 
ity to run the 
trains. 

At the station 
we take hansom 
cabs and in a few 
minutes are at 
the end of our 
journey. 

OLR HOTEL. 

There are many 
fine hotels in Lon- 
don, similar to the 
one you see in 
this picture, but 
as these places are 
more apt to afford 
style than com- 
fort we decide in 
favor of a more 
modest one for 
our headquarters. 
The one selec- 
ted is in the very 
heart of London. Near us is Trafalgar Square, and 
everything centers about Trafalgar Square. Not far 
away are the Charing Cross and the Golden Cross 




VICTORIA HOTEL, LONDON. 



20 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

hotels that Dickens has made famous in his stories. 

The bedrooms in this place are large, dark and 
dingy looking. There are four post-beds with cur- 
tains, such as our great grand-parents used to own, 
and furniture so ancient that its proper place would 
be a curiosity shop. 

Our rooms are lighted by candles, for gaslight in 
most English hotels is only to be found in the halls 
and public rooms. The candles one uses are charged 
in the bill, and so many travellers carry candles about 
with them in their luggage to avoid paying for a new 
one ever> night. 

We are told we can have breakfast served to us in 
our rooms, and a servant comes to take our order for 
this morning meal. 

There are many hotels in the States said to be con- 
ducted on the "European plan. " We have supposed 
that this meant serving meals after the fashion of the 
people in Europe. But it doesn't — at least not always. 
When we order breakfast we find it different from what 
it is in the States. 

We tell the waiter that we want a plain breakfast 
and he brings us two boiled eggs, a roll as hard as a 
paving stone, a little marmalade and a pot of coffee. 
For this we pay two shillings and six pence, or half a 
crown, which is sixty cents in our money. If we order 
a regular breakfast we will get ham and eggs, steak 
or bacon, rolls and coffee. At the bake shops we can 
buy coffee and rolls in the morning for six or nine 
pence. 

At noon the restaurants are all open, where one 
can order anything one wishes just as in the States. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 21 

Such excellent bacon and mutton we have nowhere 
in the world. And the marmalade! Surely nothing 
better was ever made. We wonder why we cannot 
get any like it at home. 

The dinner served between six and eight in the 
evening is a very formal meal. In the larger hotels it 
consists of eight courses and one spends an hour and 
a half to two hours at table at these places. Everyone 
appears in evening dress, but at the smaller hotels and 
taverns, tourists may dress as they like. 

After dinner we open our map of London and our 
guide books and plan the next day's sight seeing. 

WHAT OUR HAP SHOWS US. 

Our map shows us that London lies on both sides 
of the Thames, and in parts of four counties. Middle- 
sex and Essex are on the north, and Surrey and Kent 
on the south. The most important and interesting 
parts of the city are on the north bank of the river, 
while the part south of the river is devoted to manu- 
facturing and residences. 

The north side is divided into the East End and 
the West End, Temple Bar being the dividing line. 
J This Temple Bar is neither a temple nor a bar. It was 
at one time an old city landmark or stone which sepa- 
rated the city of London and the city of Westmin- 
ster. The old bar is now gone, but another has been 
put in its place. 

We have often seen this old bar mentioned in his- 
tory. It was formerly the custom to close and lock 
this bar when the sovereign of England approached 
the city of London. The queen's herald approached 



22 A TJTTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

and asked for admission. The gates were then un- 
locked and thrown open, and the keys of the city pre- 
sented to the queen. Queen Victoria knocked at this 
old gate during jubilee week in 1897. 

To the east of Temple Bar we find the port, the 
docks, custom house, bank and royal exchange. Fur- 
ther out toward East End are places known as Mile 
End Road, and Whitechapel, which is the poor dis- 
trict of London. 

West of Temple Bar are Westminster Abbey, the 
Houses of Parliament, the Queen's Palace, government 
offices, clubs, museums and picture galleries. There 
are to be found the parks also, and the homes of the 
wealthy and aristocratic people of the city. 

If we keep these things in mind, it will be easy to 
make our way about and find what we want. 

WHAT OUR GUIDE TELLS US. 

When we tell our guide that we have a whole 
month in which to see London, he tells us that it will 
give time but for a glimpse. One might spend a life- 
time in studying the city, and then know but a small 
part. 

If we could take in the whole city at a glance, we 
would see three thousand miles of streets, and six 
millions of people. We would see an area of 121 
square' miles, and a city twice the size and double the 
population of Greater New York. 

Let us stop for a minute to think what it means 
when he tells us that in their London Town are more 
Roman Catholics than in Rome, more Jews than in 
Palestine, more Scotchmen than in Aberdeen, more 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



23 




CHEAPSIDE. 



24 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Welchmen than in Cardiff, more Irishmen than in 
Belfast. 

There are 750 miles of railway in this metropolis. 
Its streets end to end would extend 3,000 miles. 
There are over 800,000 dwelling houses, 1,500 
churches, and 1,700 coffee houses. The streets are 
lighted by over a million gas lamps, and guarded by 
over 15,000 policemen. 

THE LONDON BUS. 

The best way to see London is from the upper 
deck of an omnibus. This 'bus is one of the most im- 
portant, and perhaps mos' popular, conveyances 
used by the people. There are more than one hun- 
dred separate lines which reach every part of London, 
between 8 o'clock and midnight. They all keep to the 
left, and stop at the corners of the streets, and at 
many other points to discharge and take on passen- 
gers. 

Here is one coming down the street now. Let us 
take it for a ride through the city. Upon the roof of 
the car is a platform built out in an extended way 
slightly over its body, upon which are placed seats, 
arranged to accommodate from sixteen to twenty per- 
sons. The driver sits in front, and the top of the 'bus 
is reached by a winding stairway with an iron railing 
to the back of the 'bus. 

The sides of the vehicle are covered with brightly 
colored advertising posters. The 'bus is engineered 
by a conductor, who stands on the rear platform and 
collects fares. This fare varies from a penny to a six- 
pence, according to the length of the ride, but for the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



25 



average distance is 2 J pence. The London General 
Omnibus Company collects 90,000,000 fares in a year. 
The seats on top are almost always taken first un- 
less it be rainy weather. The inside seats cost a penny 
more, while the view from the windows is not so 
good as from the top of the vehicle. There is no over- 




crowding. When a car is full the conductor admits 
no more passengers. We wish this plan might be 
adopted at home. 

A ride through the streets of Chicago on a convey- 
ance of this kind, would be more interesting and less 
tiresome than one afforded by a cable car or elevated 
train, where one is often obliged to stand and hold on 
to a strap to keep from being thrown to the floor. 

From our safe, high perch atop the 'bus, we note 
our cabman and his ways. He is neatly dressed and 
clean, which is more than we can say of many cabmen 



26 xV LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

in the States. He is polite, too, and very willingly 
points out to us the many places of interest along the 
way. 

The London cabman is a fine horseman, and never 
lashes and abuses his beast. He carefully drives and 
gently guides and speaks to his sleek, stout, dignified, 
large-footed and slow-moving Norman horse. Then 
the 'bus conductor — how pleasant, good-natured and 
polite he is. When we give our fare, he says " thank 
you/' and the same to every other passenger. We 
wonder how many times a day he says this word. He 
never seems to omit it. It must mount up into the 
hundreds by the time his day's work is done; but 
everyone feels the pleasanter for his civility. 

There are cabs, too, everywhere. It is said that 
there are ten thousand of them and about twenty 
thousand hansoms daily employed in the streets of 
London. 

Another kind of conveyance which we often see is 
the drag, a high, four-wheeled carriage something like 
a tally-ho coach. 

LONDON STREETS. 

The streets of London are the best paved of any 
city in the world. They are kept clean by being 
washed with a fire hose every morning, and yet they 
are dirty for walking, because of the changeable 
weather. The sun shines a little while and then it 
rains, and the constant travel makes the walking rather 
disagreeable. 

Mud and filth are never allowed to accumulate. 
This refuse is swept from the asphalt streets by nim- 



A LtTTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 27 

ble-footeci boys in white coats. With brush and tray 
in hand they are constantly darting in and out among 
the horses and vehicles of the crowded thoroughfares. 
Most of these boys are from orphans' homes, and other 
charitable institutions. 

At almost every corner, too, there is a crossing 
sweeper. Sometimes this is a boy or girl, but oftener 
an old man or woman too feeble to earn a living in 
any other way. Day after day and year after year 
they stand at the same posts. The living won in this 
way is a very scant one, for they are dependent on 
the pennies and half pennies dropped into their hands 
by the people who hurry by. 

London streets are narrow and crooked and run 
into each other in a most perplexing way. Where four 
or five streets converge into one point or circle they 
call it circus; such as Ludgate Circus, Picadilly Circus, 
Oxford Circus, etc. 

It is somewhat difficult to make our way about at 
first, but the policemen are polite and helpful, and 
cheerfully direct us to where we should go. There are 
times when even the people who have lived in London 
all their lives cannot find their way about. This is 
during the foggy weather. It is then necessary to 
light the streets with gas for days at a time. 

There is one curious thing about London that re- 
minds us of an old saying that "Birds of a feather 
flock together.' ' People of the same nationality or 
those of the same profession or trade live in the same 
streets or district. The French live in one neighbor- 
hood, the Germans in another. 

Lawyers live at Lincoln's Inn and the Temple; sur- 



28 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 




A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 29 

geons and dentists in George and Burlington streets; 
doctors in Harley street, etc. Then the milkmen live 
on Milk Street, the men who deal in honey on Honey 
Street, etc. 

Trafalgar Square is the very heart of the city. 
Every thing starts from there and centers around it. 
Standing by the Nelson Monument we see the most 
wonderful sight which London can give us — its crowds 
of people. One wonders how the city can furnish roofs 
to cover so many. 

There are cabs and buses and hansoms too, vehi- 
cles of all kinds and descriptions, three, four and five 
abreast. The procession is endless and keeps up day 
and night, or at least a great part of the night. 

This square was named for England's great naval 
hero, Lord Nelson. It is his statue you see on the top 
of that high column. It has been almost one hundred 
years since he won his famous victory over the French 
and Spanish fleets at Lake Trafalgar, off the coast of 
Spain. There are other statues of brave soldiers in 
this square also, and one of George IV, one of 
England's former kings. On the northern side of this 
square is the National Gallery, which contains a fine 
collection of pictures. 

A little south of the square is a statue of King 
Charles I. This marks a place called Charing Cross. 
Back of this is a story. Everything in England, you 
will find, has a story. There is no cross there, but 
there was once upon a time. It was called Charing 
Cross in honor of Eleanor, the wife of King Edward I. 
She died in the north of England, and her husband 
had her body carried to Westminster Abbey. 



30 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



Every evening during this journey her body rested 
in the market place of some town. Wherever it rested 
the king afterward had a beautiful cross erected. The 
last evening of the journey the bier rested in the vil- 
lage of Charing, which is now a part of London, near 
Trafalgar Square. So now you know why the name 
clings to the place even though the cross is gone. 




THE STRAND, LONDON. 



From Charing Cross we enter the Strand, one of the 
busiest and most crowded streets of London. On this 
street are the finest theaters of London, the law courts, 
and many of the newspaper offices and shops. The 
street is called Strand because this was the road near- 
est to the shore or strand of the Thames River. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 31 

Passing down the Strand we come to London's 
Courts, or the Royal Courts of Justice. For centuries 
this has been the place of England's celebrated school 
of law. The building is a huge one, nearly 500 feet in 
length, and contains eleven hundred chambers or 
apartments, beside the large central hall and nineteen 
court-rooms. Many lawyers and students of law live 
in this building, as students live in colleges. 

The Strand now runs into Fleet Street, Temple Bar 
marking the place where the one street ends and the 
other begins. 

Fleet Street is one of the great thoroughfares where 
most of the daily papers are published. Then come 
Regent and Oxford Streets, the two dry goods centers, 
and Cheapside, the most crowded of them all. 

The traffic of this street is one of the sights of Lon- 
don. What a hurly-burly and crush of cabs, hansoms, 
hand carts, wagons, buses and vans in one narrow 
street. It seems as if all the shops in the world are 
sending their goods along this old market-way of 
Cheapside. 

Cheapside means market place, but it is now noted 
for its stores rather than its market place. From this 
street we notice, a number of streets running to left 
and right, named Poultry street, Wood, Bread and 
Milk streets; these we are told have been named after 
the dealers by whom they are occupied. 

Leaving Cheapside we ride down Poultry street to 
see the place where the London people tell us 
Thomas Hood, the poet, was born. Do you remember 
what he says about this house? 

Milk street is also celebrated as the birth place of 



32 



A. LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



Sir Thomas More, an author and a cardinal. Do you 
know what it means to be a cardinal? There on 
Bread street lived the famous John Milton, whose 
"Paradise Lost" you have seen in your father's li- 
brary. 

So you see that these streets, tho possessing com- 
mon names, are really quite celebrated and are as apt 
to be sought out as those having finer sounding 
titles. 




MANSION HOUSE, OFFICIAL RESIDENCE OF LONDON'S LORD MAYOR. 

THE RICHEST SQUARE. 

We are now in the part of London called "the city." 
More business is transacted in this square than in any 
other section of the world. Near the corner of King 
William street is the Mansion House, the official 
residence of the Lord Mayor of London. The mayor 
is a great personage in the eyes of his countrymen, and 
receives as much salary as our president. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND 



33 



Unlike most mayors he rules over but one square 
mile of this immense city. But this one is the richest 
mile of territory in all the wide world. It contains 
the Bank of England, the mint, the stock and produce 
exchange and London's only cathedral. 




BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON. 

Suppose we visit some of these important build- 
ings. The Bank of England, the greatest bank in the 
world, we find to be almost opposite the Mansion 
•House. It is amusing to learn that this celebrated 
and dignified structure is on Needle and Thread street. 
The bank is a one story building, covering four acres 
of ground. Its walls are of granite and are very thick. 
The outer walls have no windows. The rooms receive 
light from inner courts and skylights. 



34 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Some of the officers of the bank make their homes 
in this building. We are told that it takes 900 men 
to carry on the work of the bank, and a great many 
guards beside. An immense amount of money is kept 
in the vaults and it is said that the business done here 
in a day amounts to $10,000,000. 

THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. 

Across from the Bank is the Royal Exchange. 
The west front has a porch which is considered the 
finest thing of the kind in England. It has seventeen 
large figures in the pediment. These figures repre- 
sent Commerce or Trade, the Lord Mayor and mer- 
chants of different nationalities. 

Every day bankers and other wealthy men come 
here to transact business. The prices fixed by these 
men on grains, wool and cotton are quickly sent to 
every part of the world and affect business in America 
and many other parts of the earth. 

In one part of the building are Lloyd's Subscription 
Rooms. This is the greatest shipping firm in the 
world. Every man engaged in a large shipping busi- 
ness sends to Lloyd's for shipping news, marine in- 
surance and other shipping business. Boats have to 
be insured as well as houses, you see. A register is 
kept here of all the ships. This register tells us about 
the age, build and seaworthiness of the ship. You 
see how necessary this would be if a man wished to 
buy or sell a ship, or insure it. 

In front of the Royal Exchange is a fine equestrian 
statue of the Duke of Wellington, another English 
hero. In what way is an equestrian statue different 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



35 



from other statues? Was Lord Nelson's an eques- 
trian statue? Why not? Did he win his battles on 
land or sea? There are two other statues near the 
building, one of George Peabody, an American, and 
the other of Rowland Hill. The monument was 




BLACK FRIAR'S BRIDGE AND ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 



erected to Mr. Hill because he did so much to intro- 
duce cheap postage. But why should a statue have 
been erected on this spot in memory of Mr. Peabody? 
Can any one tell? Mr. Peabody was the first American 
to receive the freedom of London. So you see the 
English people have especially honored him. 



36 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. 

About half a mile west of the Bank is St. Paul's 
Cathedral. A long way off we can see its lofty dome, 
surmounted by a golden cross, but it is so surrounded 
by tall buildings that a view of the whole church is 
impossible. 

All around the church is a street called St. Paul's 
Churchyard, but the neighboring buildings are so close 
as to spoil the effect of the cathedral when standing 
near it. 

We pay one shilling to see the sights at St. Paul's, 
and for two hours roam about the place studying the 
clock, the library, the whispering gallery and crypt. 
It is a large and beautiful building, but inside the 
walls look bare. It has a great bell which strikes the 
hour, but is never rung except on the death of some 
member of the royal family, the Lord Mayor or the 
Bishop of London. There are many statues of English 
heroes in the church and the tomb of two of England's 
greatest men, Wellington and Nelson. In the crypt 
are also the tombs of three famous English painters, 
Turner, Reynolds and Landseer. 

In the vault of the church is the tomb of the man 
who built the church. His name was Sir Christopher 
Wren. The church was thirly-five years in building 
and was finished in 1710. It was paid for chiefly by a 
tax on coal. Sir Christopher built fifty churches in 
London, but St. Paul's is the finest of them all. 

Not far away is St. Swithins Church, where is kept 
the London Stone. This stone has for a thousand 
years been used to mark off distances. All distances 
in London were measured from this stone. If a man 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 37 

living in the suburbs of London tells you he lives fif- 
teen miles from the city he means fifteen miles from 

this stone. 

THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 

Near the city is the British Museum, which contains 
a larger collection of books, manuscripts, coins, curi- 
osities, medals and antiquities' than any other museum 
in the world. In one of the rooms one may see the Elgin 
marbles, brought from Athens, Greece, about a hun- 
dred years ago. They consist of statues, reliefs and 
yards of a frieze. The frieze represents in low relief a 
procession of men, women and horses, chariots and an- 
imals for sacrifice, all going to celebrate the festival 
of Athena. 

These marbles are exquisitely beautiful and are ad- 
mired by every one who comes to the museum. They 
are called the Elgin marbles because they were bought 
by Lord Elgin. He sold them to the English govern- 
ment for half what was paid for them. 

The Egyptian room contains the famous Rosetta 
stone, with its lettering of Greek and Egyptian char- 
acters. It was this stone that furnished the infor- 
mation that enabled scholars to read the language of 
the Egyptians. Inscriptions on old wooden statues 
and granite columns thousands of years old, and the 
history of these early days were made clear and 
plain. 

The streets surrounding the museum are quiet and 
afford homes or lodging places to many students, writ- 
ers and scholars. It is a favorite neighborhood with 
them because of the assistance the museum gives them 
in their work and studies, 



38 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



THE DOCKS AND THAMES RIVER. 

We have learned that London is the first city in 
commerce in the world, and have not far to look for 
the reasons for this. One reason is because of its situ- 
ation. It is built on the Thames river fifty miles 
from the coast. This river is navigable to London for 
ships of the largest size. Then too, the city is cen- 




PICADILLY. 



trally situated with regard to other lands. It is near 
to the continent and to trade through the Suez canal 
or around the Cape of Good Hope. 

The Thames river is always crowded with shipping 
and both shores are bordered by docks, wharves and 
huge warehouses for all sorts of merchandise and 
vaults for wines. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 39 

The London docks cover 120 acres. The St. Cather- 
ine docks are the largest of the city, covering 24 
acres, 11 of which are water. We can visit these 
docks when near the tower of London. 

One sees the same pictures during an hour at the 
London docks as at the Liverpool docks. So we decide to 
take a steamer for a ride on the Thames. It will give 
us an excellent view of the bridges, the fine embank- 
ments, the London Tower and the splendid Houses of 
Parliament. 

Of all the famous rivers of the world, the Thames is 
one of the smallest and most famous. In size it is a 
mere creek, but its history has more of interest to the 
English reader or traveler than any other stream. 

For centuries kings and queens have lived beside it, 
going from their court in London to find rest or recre- 
ation at some riverside place. 

It is one of the greatest pleasure resorts in the 
world. Every fine day in summer it is thronged with 
holiday makers in every imaginable kind of craft. 
There are row-boats, house-boats, punts, steam 
launches and even gondolas. 

The river is spanned by many bridges. Some of 
these are used by the public and others by the rail- 
roads. 

There is a tunnel under the river, and underground 
railways. Not far from the docks, up the river, we 
come upon the Tower,a grim, dismal old building that 
was at one time England's state prison. 

Let us stop and take a look at the Tower bridge, of 
which we have read in our guide book. It is said that 
it took eight years to build this bridge and that it 



40 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

cost six million dollars and a number of lives. It is 
different from other bridges we have seen. It has 
three spans. 

The roadway in the central span shows us a space 
200 feet long and 50 feet wide. Beneath this road- 
way is a span 30 feet high, under which small boats 
can pass. 

When large ships come up the river traffic must stop 
for a time. The roadbed parts in the middle, and 
each half rises to a vertical position, to allow the ship 
to pass; this takes but a minute. The foot passen- 
gers do not have to wait. They enter an elevator in 
the bridge tower and are lifted to the high level foot- 
way 112 feet above. We should like to visit the tower 
too, but this will take a long time and must be post- 
poned until another day. 

Not far away is London Bridge, but before we stop 
there we will take a look at Billingsgate, the principal 
fish market in London. The fish are brought here in 
boats in great quantities, and sold to both retail and 
wholesale fish dealers. The busiest hours are at five 
and six in the morning. 

Beyond the fish market is the oldest and most 
famous of all the bridges of the Thames — London 
Bridge. The first one was built hundreds of years ago, 
but that is not the one we see to-day. The present 
bridge is a magnificent one, 900 ft. long and 54 wide, 
built of granite. This bridge is said to have cost $10,- 
000,000. It has lamp posts made from the cannon 
captured during one of England's wars. 

Long ago the heads of traitors were set up on the 
iron spikes of London Bridge to terrify evil-doers. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



41 




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42 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

There used to be stores on this bridge too, but as the 
city grew, more space was needed and they were taken 
away. To-day, London Bridge is the most crowded 
place in the city. It is said that 30,000 vehicles and 
200,000 people cross it every twenty-four hours. 

The embankment above London Bridge has been 
made a beautiful place. The river is edged with a 
granite wall eight feet thick and forty feet high ex- 
tending from Black Friars Bridge to Westminster 
Bridge. A wide roadway borders the river, and foot- 
ways, planted with trees. This embankment is 
known as the Victoria Embankment. 

The Westminster bridge w r e find to be the finest of 
all the bridges of London. It is eighty-five feet wide, 
is built of iron and rests on stone piers. 

Following up the river we reach the suburbs of 
London. The Thames is here bordered by pleasant 
homes with green lawns sloping down to the water's 
edge. There are many skiffs or boats on the river, 
where boys and men are practicing for the races which 
are held every year. Picked teams from all the princi- 
pal English clubs take part in this Royal Regatta, or 
rowing carnival, and excited crowds gather to witness 
the fun. 

Suppose we return now and visit the Tower of 
London. 

THE TOWER OF LONDON. 

London has many towers, but this is the most 
noted and interesting of all. It is in East London, near 
St. Catherines Docks. Once a fortress, a royal resi- 
dence, a court of justice and a prison, it is now but a 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



43 



government store-house. The building is very old, so 
old that no one knows exactly when it was begun. 

The buildings known as the Tower are surrounded 
by a battlemented wall and deep moat. At one time 
this moat was filled with water and the only way to 
reach the tower was by means of a drawbridge. The 
high walls and moat were for defence, in case of attack 




TOWER OP LONDON. 



by enemies. When the bridge was drawn up the at- 
tacking party had no way to reach the gates. 

There are three entrances, the Iron Gate, the Water 
Gate, the Traitor's Gate, all from the Thames. Then 
there is the Lion's Gate, the ordinary entrance on the 
west side. Traitor's Gate was so called because polit- 
ical prisoners were so often taken to the Tower in this 
way. Princes and nobles, lords and ladies, and even 
queens have entered the gates, and many of them never 



44 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

came out again. If they did they thought themselves 
very lucky. 

We will not go in that way, but by the Lion's Gate, 
on the west side. The Tower is guarded by quaintly 
dressed warders, or, as some people call them, "beef- 
eaters." These men have been soldiers and are now 
members of a body of men or policemen called Yeo- 
men of the Guard. One of the guards acts as our 
guide through the tower. 

Let us enter by the Lion's Gate. We receive tick- 
ets of admission and cross the bridge that spans the 
moat, pass through the Byward Tower and so reach 
the inside of this great prison. Inside the battlement 
wall is another and higher wall, and between the two 
a space, or court. We are now in this outer court. 
Both the walls are strengthened by towers and in the 
central space, or inner court, rises a grand tower. 

We come first to the gateway of the Bloody Tower 
and pass through it to the great inner court. It was 
so named because some little princes were murdered 
here by order of the king. There are thirteen towers 
in all, each having a historical name. Among them 
are the White Tower, the Bell Tower, the Wakefield 
Tower, Middle Tower and Brick Tower. 

In these prisons and gloomy chambers many noble 
prisoners have been imprisoned for years, pined away 
and died. The walls of White Tower are fifteen feet 
thick. Just imagine such a prison. It was here that 
Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned for twelve years. 
He was sentenced to death, but the king did not dare 
to have him executed, and so confined him here. It was 
in this tower he wrote his History of the World. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 45 

William Penn was also imprisoned in this tower at 
one time. 

On Tower Hill outside the moat stood the scaffold 
for the execution of prisoners. Within the walls is 
St. Peter's Chapel, and near it is the burying ground 
where the noble prisoners were buried. 

The most interesting room of all to many is the 
upper room of the Record Tower, where crown jewels 
or regalia are kept. There are a number of crowns, 
Queen Victoria's being the finest. It is set with 
almost three thousand beautiful diamonds, besides 
rubies and sapphires. The crown of the Prince of 
Wales was of gold, and without jewels. There are 
many other beautiful and costly things, the whole 
collection being valued at $15,000,000. 

The largest diamond belonging to the British sov- 
ereign is called the Kohinoor, or Mountain of Light. 
Its value is nearly half a million dollars. This jewel 
is kept at Windsor, but a model of it is shown here 
with the crown jewels. There are also bracelets, and 
swords, and crosses, and scepters, and royal spurs, the 
salt cellar of state, made to imitate the White Tower. 
These are kept in cases of glass and iron and carefully 
guarded. 

There are two armories, Queen Elizabeth's Armory 
and the Horse Armory. In the former are swords, 
lances, halberds, pikes and other ancient arms, as 
well as instruments of punishment. In the armory 
are the figures of twenty-two mounted kings and 
knights in full armor, showing the different styles of 
armor worn at different times. 

Some of the instruments of torture used by the 



46 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

English people of past centuries are to be seen in one 
of these towers, and fearful looking instruments they 
were. First and worst of these was the executioner's 
axe, with which so many noted prisoners were be- 
headed. Its first victim was a queen; so you see that 
members of the royalty were quite as apt to suffer 
death in this way as others. 

Sometimes the branding iron was used for the pur- 
pose of burning the figure of a gallows upon a man's 
face. There is also a revolving iron cage, the barrel 
for the punishment of bakers who defrauded the peo- 
ple by giving false weight. The stocks and whipping 
post were also used, and a ducking stool for scolding 
women. 

If we are to believe the stories of olden times, we 
must believe that there were a great many scolding 
wives and ill-tempered women, called shrews, among 
the English. This ducking stool was a long beam of 
wood balanced on a pivot over a river or pond. It 
was so arranged that the scold could be dropped into 
the water and lifted out again before she was drowned. 
This method of punishment was found to be very un- 
satisfactory, and an iron bonnet was next used. This 
was put over the head and mouth and fastened with 
a padlock. 

The stories of the crimes and tragedies of this 
tower would fill a whole book. Many, or perhaps 
most of the prisoners confined and executed here were 
innocent of the crimes of which they were accused. 
No one was safe from wrongful imprisonment, and 
perhaps death. The dread of this tower inspired a 
desire on the part of many to find a refuge, or coun- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



47 



try where they might be safe from injustice. So you 
see that if it had not been for this, our ancestors might 
not have come to America. We may be indebted 
to the tower more than we imagine. 




WESTMINSTER ABBEY, 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

The most interesting building in London to many 
visitors is Westminster Abbey. England's kings and 
queens for eight hundred years have been crowned 



48 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

and buried there. It was first designed for the burial 
place of kings and queens only, but after a time Eng- 
land's great and good men were honored by having 
their bodies laid to rest beside those of royal blood. 
Today this building contains the graves of more 
famous men and women than any other in the whole 
world. 

The building is celebrated for its beauty as well as 
its age, and to get the best view one should approach 
it from the front. The walls are dingy and grimy, 
for the atmosphere is laden with dust and smoke of 
many factory chimneys. 

Inside the building all is hushed and still. A few 
visitors like ourselves are wandering about, or sitting 
in the pews reading books. At first we think they are 
prayer books but a closer view reveals guide books, 
similar to our own. There is no talking or noise of 
any kind, tho outside the thick walls the din of the 
streets is deafening. 

Are we disappointed at first? Perhaps, a little. 
We have expected so much. The walls and floors are 
dark and worn, but after a time the beauty and mag- 
nificence of the place impress us, as they have all 
others. The vaulted roof, pointed arches, clustered 
pillars and carved stalls first attract our attention, and 
we wander about for a long time fascinated by the 
place. 

We visit first the tomb of Edward the Confessor, 
who founded the Abbey. It is one of the oldest tombs 
here. His shrine is a most beautiful one. 

In the chapel behind the altar where Edward is 
buried stands the old English Coronation Chair. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 49 

Seated in this chair all the sovereigns of England since 
Edward's day have been crowned. In the seat of 
the chair is the famous Scone Stone on which the 
Scottish kings used to be crowned. The Scots be- 
lieved it to be the stone on which Jacob rested his 
head in the desert. It was a great blow to the Scot- 
tish people when this stone was taken away from them 
by the English king. 

The Jerusalem Chambers are interesting to most 
people. The tapestries of the walls represent scenes 
from Jerusalem and the cedar wainscot came from 
the Holy Land. It is noted as the place where the 
common version of the Bible was made. It is also 
the room where the Westminster Assembly of minis- 
ters has always met. It is these men who have given 
us the Confession of Faith and the Longer and Shorter 
Catechisms. 

The most beautiful part of the Abbey is Henry VII's 
chapel. It is separated from the rest by a flight of 
stairs and brass gates. The walls are covered with 
tracery and contain the statues of many saints and 
martyrs. The tomb of Henry VII is of black marble, 
elaborately carved, and effigies of the king and queen 
in gilt bronze, recline upon the tomb. 

Two other most interesting tombs in this chapel 
are those of Queen Elizabeth and her lovely but un- 
lucky sister Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots. Their 
tombs are much alike. 

There are many statues in different parts of the 
building. One could spend hours in wandering about 
looking at the busts, figures and monuments of Eng- 
land's famous men, and reading their epitaphs. Some 



50 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

are erected to great statesmen, others to naval com- 
manders, to soldiers and to the former deans of West- 
minster. 

Our own war with England is brought to mind by 
the sight of the monument to Major Andre. You re- 
member, do you not, that he was hung as a spy in 
America? But he was a brave soldier and after the 
Revolution his body was sent back to England with 
every mark of respect and consideration. It was laid 
here in the Abbey and this fine monument erected to 
mark the spot. 

Britannia is represented as mourning over his early 
death. The bas-relief on one side of the tomb repre- 
sents a British officer carrying a flag of truce and a 
letter to the tent of Washington with the request of 
Andre that as a soldier he might be shot, and not hung. 
The request was not granted, but the sculptor has 
pictured the death scene as Andre wished it. 

General Burgoyne, whose surrender at Saratoga lost 
America to England, has no monument. He was not 
buried in the Abbey, but in the North cloister. 

In one place we notice a slab which records the fact 
that the grave beneath was the resting . place for a 
time of the body of George Peabody. On the slab are 
also carved the words of his early prayer that if God 
prospered him he would render some memorial service 
to his fellow-men. Do you know how he kept his 
word? 

POETS' CORNER WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

One chapel in the Abbey is called Poets' Corner. 
In it are buried many of England's great warriors, while 
others have monuments, busts or tablets. Dickens 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 51 

ind Thackeray are both buried here. There are busts 
m Shakespeare and Milton and many other poets, but 
Longfellow is the only foreigner honored by having 
bis bust placed in the Abbey. 

A stained-glass window has been placed here in 
nemory of Lowell. Other windows have recently 



POETS' CORNER, WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 

oeen given to the Abbey in honor of the poet Cowper, 
and George Herbert, by a wealthy American. 

Near by the cathedral is the Westminster School 
for the choirboys, for both St. Paul's and Westminster 
lave boy choirs. These boys are chosen from hun- 
Ireds of applicants, and must be between the ages of 
eight and ten. They are required to remain until they 
lave served their full term, and while members of the 



52 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

choir they are boarded and receive an excellent high- 
school education. On one day of each week they are 
allowed to go to their own playground in the country 
and have their holidays at Christmas, Easter and mid- 
summer. In some of the boy choirs, the best singers 
receive a salary. 

If we were to come to the Abbey to hear them sing, 
Sunday afternoon, we would feel ourselves well paid 
for the trouble. We would find the church crowded 
with eager listeners, two or three thousand, or even 
more. Many are glad to stand through a long service 
for the sake of the eloquent sermon and the beautiful 
music one is sure to hear. 

WESTMINSTER PALACE. 

The building next to the Abbey is Westminster 
Hall, which forms the grand entrance to the new Par- 
liament Buildings. This Hall is very old and has an 
interesting history. Kings have been crowned in it 
and grand banquets given. It has been the scene of 
many famous trials too. 

The hall is one of the largest~in the world, being 
300 feet long and 70 wide. The ceiling is of w T ood and 
finely carved. There is also a St. Stephen's Hall, which 
contains statues of celebrated English statesmen, and 
a Central Hall which separates the House of Commons 
from the House of Peers. 

The English laws are made by Parliament which 
consists of two legislative bodies, the House of Lords 
and the House of Commons. The members of the 
House of Commons are elected by the people. West- 
minster Palace contains rooms for the assemblage of 
these bodies of men. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



53 




54 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

The Houses of Parliament are modern buildings. 
They cover eight acres, contain eleven hundred rooms, 
one hundred staircases and eleven courts. The buildings 
are of stone and decorated with five hundred statues. 

The main building has three towers. At the north 
end, next to Westminster Bridge, is the clock tower. It 
is 318 feet high and contains a monster clock. This 
clock has four dials, and each of these dials measures 
twenty-three feet across. Another remarkable thing 
about this clock is that half a day is required to wind 
it up. 

The central tower is smaller and lower than the 
clock tower. At the other end of the building is the 
beautiful tower called Victoria Tower. It is 340 feet 
high and contains the entrance through which the 
queen passed when she visited Parliament. 

Entering the House of Commons, we find it smaller 
than the House of Representatives at Washington. 
There is a reason for this. It was thought best to 
make it small in order that all might hear distinctly. 
The room looks much like the interior of an old church. 

The ceilings, walls and furniture are of dark carved 
wood. The windows are of stained glass and the room 
is but dimly lighted. Galleries run around the four 
sides of the room. One is for newspaper reporters, 
another is for gentlemen visitors. There is another 
gallery higher up for ladies. The hall has seats, but 
no desks. 

The House of Peers occupies the southern half of 
the new part of the Houses of Parliament. The room 
is handsomely finished in oak, leather and gold. The 
Queen's throne is in this room, and during her reign 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 



55 




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56 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



she came here annually to open Parliament and make 
her speech. The chair of state resembles the " corona- 
tion chair.' ' It is ornamented with the national flow- 
ers of England, Ireland and Scotland — the rose, sham- 
rock and thistle. 

In the central part are seats for the Lords or Peers. 
When the Queen opened Parliament the members of 




PALL MALL, LONDON. 



the House of Commons as well as the Peers assembled 
in this room. We should like to have been here dur- 
ing Gladstone's life and have heard one of his wonder- 
ful speeches. He was England's prime minister, and 
in America as well as in England we hear him spoken 
of as the "Grand Old Man." 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND 



57 



BUCKINQHAII PALACE. 

Tie queen when in London lived at Buckingham 
ace on the Mall, a wide, pleasant street, leading 
ii the government offices and fashionable clubs. 




ALEXANDRA, QUEEN OF ENGLAND. 



frj A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Sunday is a delightful time for a ramble about the 
old streets and ancient buildings, interesting to all the 
world because of their histories. At this time one can 
walk through the streets without being crowded or 
jostled or run over. It is a quiet day and few people 
or vehicles are in the streets. The great chimneys 
have ceased smoking, and the air is free from soot. 
The sky is blue and clear and without the dust and 
smoke of other days. 

We find many historic places connected with the 
lives of famous Americans. In the church of St. Sav- 
ior, the next finest Gothic church in London, John 
Harvard was christened. Why are we interested in 
him? Because he founded our oldest university. 

At Bears Head Tavern, Irving spent some time. 
What fascinating pictures of English life he found 
here and gave to us in his " Sketch Book." 

Every Christmas we read it with new delight. If 
only we might see inside some of these happy homes 
that look so dingy and uninteresting from the outside, 
we, too, might carry with us pleasant memories of the 
home life of these people. 

We have heard it said that if one were to follow 
Dickens as he shows us London in his books, he 
would see almost the whole of the city. We cannot 
do that, for many of the buildings he has mentioned 
have been torn down or removed. 

But we can find the " Old Curiosity Shop/^which 
is still used as a place of business. We almost imag- 
ine that we see old Scrooge coming out of the build- 
ing, but poor old Scrooge is dead. You know the 
story, do you not? 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



61 




'OLD CURIOSITY SHOP." 



CHARLES DICKENS. 

Charles Dickens was one of the world's greatest 
story tellers, and many people think that he did more 
to better the condition of the poor people of England 
and to bring wrongs to light than all the statesmen 
Great Britain ever sent to Parliament. He was a 
great teacher, for he taught the whole world lessons 
of the value of kindness, of generosity and of unself- 
ishness. 

Would you like to know how he was able to do 
this? It was not because he was favored in any way 
by good luck. He was a sickly little fellow, and did 
not go to school or mingle with the other boys much 



62 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

in their lively games. His mother taught him how to 
read, and amused him during his years of ill- health 
by telling him stories. 

When Charles Dickens was about nine years old, 
his father lost his money and was thrown into prison 
because he could not pay his debts. In those days it 
was a crime for a man not to pay his debts, and if he 
failed to do so, he was promptly put into a debtors' 
prison. 

These were troubled days for the family, and 
Charles was obliged to go to work in a London black- 
ing manufactory to earn a little money. He hated 
this work, for while in the factory he was thrown with 
low, rough, dishonest companions, who bullied and 
tormented him. He had hoped to be able to become 
famous as a scholar, yet here were all his plans 
spoiled. 

There were many other children around him, how- 
ever,~who were as unfortunate and miserable as he, 
and his sympathy for these other lonely, oppressed 
children was so great that he tried to be brave in 
order to help them. He sang songs and told funny 
stories, which he acted out in a ridiculous way, in 
order to amuse and cheer up his friends. 

He spent his evenings and every spare minute he 
could find in the reading room of the British Museum, 
which we have lately visited. After a time the father had 
money left to him, and then Charles was able to go to 
school. He grew well and strong, and was at last 
able to have the books he loved so much. 

After a time he entered a lawyer's office and 
studied shorthand. He worked so faithfully at this 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 63 

that he soon became very proficient, and was offered a 
position as reporter on a newspaper. When engaged 
in this work he met all classes of people and had good 
opportunities to study the lives of the poor people 
about him. 

When about twenty-one, he wrote his first story 
and sent it to a magazine. When it was printed he 
was delighted beyond measure, and immediately 
wrote others. They were not at all like the stories 
published in the books and magazines at that time, 
and became popular almost at once. 

At the age of twenty-five he had published two 
volumes of his sketches, and had begun the book 
which made him famous. This book was " Pickwick 
Papers." Near our hotel is the inn where Mr. Pick- 
wick had his quarrel with the cabman. 

In Dickens' next book he tells the story of a poor 
orphan, Oliver Twist, who like himself had been 
thrown among scenes of misery and want. He re- 
membered his factory days, and the children who 
were cruelly treated. He had wished to do something 
to relieve the children who were ill-treated, and now 
he saw an opportunity to do so. 

So he wrote this story and others to attract atten- 
tion to these evils, which he wished people to see, 
to know and correct. 

Then he wrote Nicholas Nickleby. and what an up- 
roar it did bring about! The Squeers of this story was 
so very much like several English schoolmasters that 
They thought he had written the story about them, and 
sued him for slander. Do you know what that means? 

After this came the sad story of "Little Nell," and 



64 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



the "Old Curiosity Shop," and so many others I can 
not name them here. In the book which is most pop- 



< 



gftfa^, 



CHARLES DICKENS. 



ular of all, "David Copperfield," we find the story of 
his own life. In "Little Dorrit" he tells of the debt- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 65 

ors' prison. This too is a picture from the memory of 
Dickens' own childhood, as he used to visit his father 
when confined there. 

With a master hand he has painted the home life 
of the English people, a whether humble or great, 
Among the best of these are his Christmas stories. 
Dickens loved the ancient customs and especially the 
Christmas festival. No one who has ever read his 
Christmas Carol will ever forget Tiny Tim, and old 
Ebenezer Scrooge. It leaves one wishing to live and 
do more for others. It is full of good will and sympa- 
thy for the poor, as Dickens himself was. 

He never forgot his own sad life, and tried to keep 
sorrow from other little ones. When Dickens died his 
body was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey. Many 
school children came, each bearing a flower, until the 
grave was nearly filled with blossoms. 

THE EAST END. 

Now let us visit the East End, where live so many 
of the poor and wretched whose sad lives Dickens has 
pictured for us and whose wrongs he helped to right. 

In this part of London we find the streets narrow, 
dark and dirty. The buildings are so high that the 
sunshine rarely finds its way into these homes, and the 
air is foul with bad odors arising from the unclean sur- 
roundings. The wretched tenement houses that hold 
London's poor are here crowded together. What a 
dismal picture they make! 

These houses are divided up into small rooms, into 
which whole families are often crowded. In this one 
room they must live, eat and sleep. 



64 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 



the "Old Curiosity Shop/' and so many others I can 
not name them here. In the book which is most pop- 




CHARLES DICKENS. 



ular of all, "David Copperfield," we find the story of 
his own life. In "Little Dorrit" he tells of the debt- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 65 

ors' prison. This too is a picture from the memory of 
Dickens ' own childhood, as he used to visit his father 
when confined there. 

With a master hand he has painted the home life 
of the English people, ^ whether humble or great. 
Among the best of these are his Christmas stories. 
Dickens loved the ancient customs and especially the 
Christmas festival. No one who has ever read his 
Christmas Carol will ever forget Tiny Tim, and old 
Ebenezer Scrooge. It leaves one wishing to live and 
do more for others. It is full of good will and sympa- 
thy for the poor, as Dickens himself was. 

He never forgot his own sad life, and tried to keep 
sorrow from other little ones. When Dickens died his 
body was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey. Many 
school children came, each bearing a flower, until the 
grave was nearly filled with blossoms. 

THE EAST END. 

Now let us visit the East End, where live so many 
of the poor and wretched whose sad lives Dickens has 
pictured for us and whose wrongs he helped to right. 

In this part of London we find the streets narrow, 
dark and dirty. The buildings are so high that the 
sunshine rarely finds its way into these homes, and the 
air is foul with bad odors arising from the unclean sur- 
roundings. The wretched tenement houses that hold 
London 's poor are here crowded together. What a 
dismal picture they make ! 

These houses are divided up into small rooms, into 
which whole families are often crowded. In this one 
room they must live, eat and sleep. 



66 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

There are no yards or trees or playgrounds for the 
children. They must play in the streets or the gut- 
ters. There are no wide pleasant porches where the 
tired workmen and their families may gather in the 
evening. On the doorsteps of these cheerless places 
lounge many idle, half-drunken men and women. 

Whitechapel is the home of the evil-doer, the thief 
and outcast, as well as the poor, and to walk in some 
streets in this part of London even by day is to place 
one's life in danger. Drink has brought many to this 
neighborhood, who, in days of prosperity, lived in the 
West End. 

Dirty, ragged children swarm about some of the open 
windows. At others pale, haggard women sit sewing. 
They are making garments for the shops or factories and 
are obliged to toil early and late in order to earn enough 
to buy the poorest kind of food. Day after day, 
month after month, they spend in this way, without a 
breath of fresh, pure air, or a glimpse of the beautiful 
country just a few miles beyond. 

Do you wonder that the people who live here com- 
mit crimes? Do you think that it would be easy to be 
good, living in such a place? No wonder that Dick- 
ens' heart ached for them. 

We are glad, very glad, to get away from all this 
misery back to a more pleasant part of London. If we 
turn our steps to the part of the cit}^ south of the river 
we shall find factories and residences. North of the river 
and city proper are the districts where the middle 
class live — the tradesmen and prosperous working 
people. 

Now let us look at the West End. It is as differ- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 67 

ent from the East End as day is different from night. 
There are no smoky factories there. The air is fresh 
and free from smoke, the streets wide, clean and at- 
tractive. There are parks too, where the people may 
sit, walk, ride or drive. 

The houses that line the streets are palaces or 
stately dwellings of brick and stone, and in them live 
London's lords and ladies, and the wealthy and fortu- 
nate. 

LONDON PARKS. 

No city in the world has so many fine parks, pleas- 
ure grounds and 4 'green" squares as London. A walk 
through these shows the love that the English people 
have for trees and flowers and green things growing. 
Some of the parks belong to the Crown, and are con- 
trolled by His Majesty's commissioner and cared for 
by men who wear the royal livery. Among these are 
Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park, 
Greenwich Park, Kew Gardens. 

Others belong to the people, or at least such as are 
fortunate enough to live near them. Parks are in- 
tended for the poor as well as the rich, but many of 
them seldom see or use them. The most of the pai ks 
are in the West End and are too far removed from 
the homes of the poor. The East End has one 
tiny park of three acres that was formerly a church 
yard. It has been made attractive with fountains, 
ferneries and flowers, and a delightful resting place for 
many who could never go to the other parks. Victo- 
ria Park is also a heaven of beauty to tens of thousands 
of children and toiling fathers and mothers. 



68 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

St. James and Green Parks are in the midst of the 
city, near the West End. Near St. James Park are 
St. James Street and Piccadilly — famous for their club 
houses. These are the favorite resorts for men of 
wealth and fashion. Much of their time is spent there, 
and some of them know no other homes. 

There are many other clubs in various parts of Lon- 
don, where workmen may congregate and spend their 
evenings. Indeed it is said that in no other city in the 
world will one find so many. 

Regent's Park is a magnificent place for games of 
all kinds. On Sunday the people gather there in large 
numbers for divine worship, and these open air ser- 
vices and the music are very attractive. 

This park contains the Zoological Gardens, and that 
accounts perhaps for the troops of children with their 
nurses or teachers that we see there. The famous 
"Jumbo," that Mr. Barnum brought to this country, 
lived in this park before it was brought to America. 

Many tourists come to the celebrated Kew Gardens 
for their botanical collections. Here are mammoth 
green houses and gardens, green lawns and forests. It 
makes one think of fairyland, and is a quiet, peaceful 
spot in which to rest or study. 

Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens together make 
the largest park in London. It is frequented by the 
wealthy and aristocratic people of the city. This park 
contains an ornamental lake called the Serpentine, and a 
wide street called Rotton Row. This road is used only 
by those on horseback, and from twelve to two o'clock 
one may see fashionable ladies and gentlemen on high- 
bred, spirited horses, horsemen in jockey costume, and 
children on Shetland ponies, pacing up and down. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



09 




70 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

The Row is bordered on each side by a walk and 
this is thronged by people who come to watch the 
riders. Under the trees are chairs which one may rent 
for a penny apiece. We are glad to rest awhile in 
the shade, and watch the crowd of riders and walkers. 
Between the hours of four and six the crowd drifts to 
another part of the park, where the fashionable people 
come later to drive. The wide, shady avenues are 
then filled with carriages drawn by splendid horses. 
The ladies in these carriages are elegantly dressed and 
many beautiful faces are seen among them. 

Kensington Gardens are separated from the Park 
by the Serpentine Lake. It is a lovely place, far more 
beautiful than the park, and not so noisy and crowded. 
On the western side is Kensington palace, the place 
where Queen Victoria was born, and lived until a young 
woman. 

South of the palace we find Albert Memorial, erected 
in memory of the Queen's husband, Prince Albert. This 
is one of the finest monuments that has ever been 
erected, and it ought to be, for it cost $600,000. Near 
it is Albert Hall, which is also a memorial to Prince 
Albert. This great amphitheater seats nearly 10,000, 
and contains one of the largest organs in the world. 

Not far away is the Kensington museum, where one 
might remain for hours. There are many fine paint- 
ings, and among those we note are several by Land- 
seer, whose tomb we saw in St. Paul's Cathedral. 
Would you like to know something of this London 
boy, who loved animals and painted dogs as no other 
artist has done? 

Edwin Landseer drew pictures as soon as he was able 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 71 

to walk, and at five years of age could sketch a dog as 
well as most grown-up people. He liked better than 
anything else to watch the dogs at play with the chil- 
dren. One morning when strolling about he saw a 




LANDSEER AND HIS DOGS. 

beautiful St. Bernard dog. He wished to sketch the 
splendid fellow, so he followed him home. The sketch 



72 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

made of this dog is said to be the finest representa- 
tion of a dog ever made. 

His father often took him to the Zoological Gardens 
to see the animals, and while there he drew horses, 
donkeys, sheep, lions and tigers. He drew pictures of 
pointers, mastiffs, spaniels and bull-dogs, and gave to 
each the right expression. He found by studying, 
working and playing with them that dogs of one 
breed may be very different in temper and dis- 
position. Poor people who owned dogs or other pets 
that they prized very highly were interested in these 
animal pictures. They could not afford to buy a 
painting but they could spare a few shillings for an 
engraving. So Edwin Landseer's father began to en- 
grave the pictures of his son's dogs. So many people 
bought them that Edwin's father and brothers soon- 
devoted all their time to making these engravings. 

By and by rich people came and wanted Edwin to 
paint portraits of their dogs, so he opened a studio, 
where the principal sitters were dogs. He loved horses 
as well as dogs but had not had so good an opportu- 
nity to study them. He now began to paint them 
too. Rich people liked to have their portraits with a 
favorite dog or horse. Queen Victoria herself came to 
his studio to have him paint her picture on horseback, 
and a portrait of her husband, Prince Albert, as well. 

He was the first artist to be received by the Queen 
as a friend, and was invited to her palace many times. 

WINDSOR CASTLE. 

There is one excursion that few London visitors 
fail to make — that is to Windsor, the chosen resi- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 73 

dence of English kings for many centuries. It was 
the royal home of Queen Victoria for three score years 
and is now the residence of King Edward, VII 
Windsor Castle is situated in the little town of Wind- 
sor, about twenty-one miles from London. 

The train will take us to Windsor station in less 
than a half hour. The Castle is the most interest ing 
and imposing of all the great houses that overlook the 
Thames. It is not a beautiful building, but its fine 
situation, its huge, picturesque, ivy-covered walls and 
towers make it a magnificent one. 

The Castle is more than eight centuries old, and has 
always belonged to the crown, but there have been 
times when it was not used as a royal residence. It was 
begun by King William, and at that time was intended 
as a fortress. But each succeeding sovereign has 
added to it until it has become the most important 
royal state palace of England. Queen Victoria lived 
here during the winter and at times while Parliament 
was in session, but the autumn and summer were 
spent elsewhere. 

The grounds around the castle make a beautiful 
park of over 1,800 acres. Everything that can be 
done by human hands to make a perfect landscape has 
been done by the gardeners of Windsor. There are 
forests and avenues of grand old trees, some of them 
known to be over 1,000 years old. There are an arti- 
ficial lake, statues and lodges half hidden with foliage 
and covered with ivy. 

The Castle consists principally of two courts— the 
lower or western court and upper or eastern court. 
Each of these is surrounded by buildings, with the I [real 



74 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 




A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 75 

Round Tower between them. This tower is built on 
a high eminence and rises 80 feet from the ground. 1 1 
is the oldest part of the Palace. From the top of the 
tower we have a beautiful view of the country around 
about Windsor. Before us lies the valley of the Thames. 
In and out winds the river like a silver thread. On 
its calm waters boats are idly drifting or darting back 
and forth. Across the river rise the gray walls and 
towers of Eton. 

In the East End are the State Apartments, the 
Audience Chamber, the Presence Chamber, the Guard 
Chamber, the Grand Reception room, the Throne 
room and Picture rooms. The Queen's Audience 
Chamber is hung with French tapestry whereon artists 
with skillful fingers have told the Bible story of Esther 
and Mordecai. In the Guard Chamber are suits of old 
armor, and busts of English heroes. The Rubens room 
is filled with pictures by that artist, and the Van Dyck 
room contains portraits by that master. 

The Albert Chapel is a memorial by the Queen to 
her husband, Prince Albert. This is one of the most 
beautiful rooms in the world. Its ceilings are of 
mosaics and its floor and walls of richly colored mar- 
, bles and precious stones. At one end of the room is 
' a marble figure of the Prince. The walls are decorated 
with scenes from the lives of Joseph, Daniel and the 
Saviour. The windows are decorated with scenes from 
the life of the Prince. Beneath this chapel lie the 
bodies of two of England's kings. The remains of 
Prince Albert lie in a mausoleum in the park. 

From Albert Chapel we are taken to St. Georgia 
Chapel, where many English kings are buried. This 



76 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 




THRONE ROOM, WINDSOR CASTLE. 



was built as a meeting place for the Knights of the 
Garter, and here each knight still has his stall and 
hangs his banner. It was in this chapel that the mar- 
riage of the Prince of Wales took place. Jennie Lind 
sang one of the songs at the ceremony. A poem has 
been written about it by Tennyson, and a grand 
picture of the ceremony painted by a celebrated artist. 
King Edward, the seventh king of that name, came 
to the throne in the early part of 1901 and now rules 
over the British Empire and 300 ,000,000 of the human 
race. He was the oldest son of Queen Victoria, and 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



77 



before he succeeded to the throne was known as the 
Prince of Wales. His wife, the beautiful Queen Alex- 
andra, is almost as much loved by the people as 
England's former Queen. 




ENGLAND'S KING- 

The king has five brothers and sisters,- the Duke 
of Connaufht, the Duke of Edinburgh, the u 
Christian, the Marchioness of Lome, and the I nncess 



78 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Beatrice. There are over sixty living descendents of 
Queen Victoria. Among these are princes, princesses, 
dukes, duchesses, one emperor, one empress, one mar- 
chioness and one lady. 

The king has five children, but the most important 
child in Europe to-day is his little grandchild, Prince 
Edward of York. King Edward is now sixty years of 
age; his oldest son, the Duke of Cornwall and York, is 
not strong, and so there is a chance that the Duke's 
little son may be king of England before he is of age. 

When the new king and queen made their first ap- 
pearance in London, early in the year, he rode in the 
carriage with them, and the crowds went wild over the 
baby Prince. It seemed great fun to him to have the 
people cheering and saluting on all sides, but he did 
not dream that they were hailing him as their future 
king. 

This will only be told him when he is old enough 
to understand what it means. But in the mean time 
he will go on romping in his nursery and studying with 
teachers just as other boys do. By and by his father 
will receive the title of Prince of Wales, and -he in turn 
will become Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and 
Baron of Killarney. He will have then to be addressed 
as "Royal Highness" and shown to people on public 
occasions, but after all his life will not be very dif- 
ferent, and not a whit easier or more pleasant than 
that of thousands of other little English lads. 

EDUCATION. 

We are interested of course in knowing how the 
little English Prince and his two sisters, the princesses, 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND, 



79 



are being edu- 
cated, but we 
wish also to 
know something 
of the education 
of other London 
children. Some 
of them we 
have seen have 
received the 
greater part of 
their education 
in the streets 
while selling 
flowers and 
newspapers, 
blacking boots, 
running errands 
and sweeping 
crossings. 

But what about the others who have parents and 
friends to care for them? We find that all children 
between the ages of five and thirteen must attend 
some kind of a school. The churches support more 
than one-half the schools and the government the 
rest. This is very different from our own system, 
where the government supports nine tenths of the 

schools. 

The pupils in the government or public schools do 
not come from all sorts of families as in the stairs. 
Families that can afford to pay for their children s 
education send them to private schools. The public 




LONDON FLOWER BOY. 



80 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

or free schools, as they are called, are looked upon as 
charity schools. The children who attend them come 
from the families of poor laboring men. 

The girls as well as the boys who attend these free 
schools must earn their own living as servants, or in 
the factories, when their school days are over. They 
must learn how to live comfortably on small incomes 
at home. 

For this reason house-keeping schools have been 
introduced into the public schools. In these the girls 
are taught how to cook, wash, iron, clean house, take 
care of sick people and babies, do marketing and keep 
accounts. As these schools have only lately been 
established, additions have been made to all the 
school houses in the city in order that this plan may 
be carried out. 

There are a number of noted endowment schools 
which prepare boys for college. Four of these are at 
Eton, Rugby, Harrow and Winchester. These are 
boarding schools with from four hundred to one thou- 
sand pupils. A high degree of scholarship is required 
at Winchester, and to this school are sent the children 
of clergymen, professional men and the upper classes. 
Many wealthy people send their children to Eton, 
where the pupils are not required to study so hard. 
But many noted men have received part of their edu- 
cation there. 

In these schools much attention is'paid to develop- 
ing character and to the physical growth. Fights are 
a common occurrence in schools, but there is rarely 
any ill-feeling over them. The boys fight to deter- 
mine which is the stronger physically. The favor- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 81 

ite game is cricket, which gives them plenty of exer- 
cise. The object of their games seems to be a £<>'»< I 
time, rather than the winning. 

Before leaving England, we shall visit two of its 
great universities, Oxford and Cambridge. 

THE LONDON SEASON. 

The pleasantest time to be in London is the season 
between Easter and the middle of August. When 
Parliament closes the season is over, and the fashion- 
able people of London leave the city and go to their 
country homes,to the seaside.the island resorts or travel 
on the continent. 

You have seen how some of the society people 
amuse themselves. They ride or walk in the morning; 
drive in the afternoon; spend their evenings at the 
club or at dinners, parties, balls, concerts and the 
theatre. 

Then there are special events which attract all 
classes of Lodoners. These are the cricket matches 
between Eton and Harrow, the Derby race and the 
boat races or Royal Regatta. The boat races are held 
near the town of Henley on the Thames. You remem- 
ber that our ride on the Thames took us near this 

place. . 

The cricket matches take place at Eton, beside 
the Thames. Eton is across the river from VS incisor, 
and is one of the oldest public schools of England. 
Many of the bovs who attend school there are sons of 
noblemen and wealthy Englishmen and so it is 
fashion for not only their families, but for great 
crowds, to attend the cricket mattes between this 



82 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

school and its rivals. The majority of those attending 
are not much interested in either side. The carriage 
drive and the day in the country are pleasant ; how- 
ever, and it gives them an outing. 

The greatest event of the year is the Derby race. 
Members of the royal family usually attend this, and 
many of London's great men and women. Numbers 
who do not care for the races go merely to see Eng- 
land's lords and ladies, and other important spectators, 
who appear in places reserved for them. 

All of the fashionable ladies have costumes especially 
prepared for this occasion, and the stands and car- 
riages that border the race course present very gay 
pictures. The finest and most beautiful horses in 
England are to be seen at these races. The race 
horses are the fleetest the world can afford. The 
leaders are known far and wide, for they have been 
made known to the people through their pictures and 
newspaper descriptions. 

But these races mean much more than amusement 
to some of those who attend, for they are made the 
occasion of betting. Many men stake their last 
dollar upon the horse they feel confident will win, and 
while some win others lose all they have. 

Now, let us say good-bye to London with its fog 
and smoke, and go out into the beautiful country 
around about the city. There are many pleasant ex- 
cursions to be made into the suburbs. Then, too, we 
must see something of English country life and of 
the people and places in other parts of England. 
This will take us another month, and these trips will 
make the next of our little journeys. 



TEACHER'S SUPPLEMENT. 



A Little Journey to England. 

The class, or travel club, has now completed the study of Lon- 
don, and is ready for a review. In Order to make this interesting, 
let the work be summed up in the form of an entertainment called 

AN AFTERNOON OR EVENING IN LONDON. 

For the afternoons abroad, given as geography reviews, or as a 
part of the Friday afternoon exercises, invitations may be written 
out by the pupils, or mimeographed or hectographed, and carried t<> 
friends and parents. 

If given as an evening entertainment and illustrated by stereop- 
ticon views, handbills may be printed and circulated, at lea>i a 
week beforehand. The following form may be used: — 

SCHOOL ENTERTAINMENT. 

A TRIP TO ENGLAND FOR TEN CENTS. 

You are invited by the pupils of the school [or the mem- 
bers of the Travel Class or Club] to spend an renting {or afternoon) 
in London. 

The party starts promptly at 1:30 p. m. (or 8 r. m. ) the 

Those desiring to take this trip should secure tickets before the day 
of sailing, as the party is limited. Glides are furnished free. 

The proceeds of this entertainment are to be used in the pur- 
chase of a library and pictures for the school. 

SUGGESTION'S. 

The exercises should be conducted and the talks given by the 



84 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

pupils themselves. Some topic should be selected by each pupil, 
or assigned to him, and with this topic he should become thor- 
oughly familiar. 

Geographies, books of travel, magazine articles and newspapers 
should be consulted until each pupil has his subject well in hand. 
He should also, where possible, secure photographs, pictures or 
objects with which to illustrate his talk. At its close these should 
be placed upon a table, or the chalk tray, that visitors may examine 
them more closely. 

If the entertainment is given in the evening, the teacher may be 
able to use stereopticon views. 

These will prove a very great attraction to both pupils and par- 
ents, and should be secured if possible. The lantern with oil lamp 
may be easily operated by the teacher while the pupils give the 
descriptions of the pictures, or giye talks about the country. 

The lanterns and slides may be rented for the evening or after- 
noon at reasonable rates, and the cost covered by an admission fee 
of from ten to twenty-five cents. 

A leader, or guide, may be appointed to make the introductory 
remarks, and to announce the numbers of the programme. 

ROOM DECORATION. 

Decorate the room with English flags and England's flower, the 
rose. Across the blackboard in large letters print the words, 
"Merrie Old England," and under it hang or draw a map of Eng- 
land. This is to be used by the guide in pointing out the route to 
those who are to make the journey. 

On another part of the board draw a map of " London Town," 
and have pupils locate the various points of interest as they are de- 
scribed. The programme is a long one, but many of the topics are 
quite short, and an opportunity is given to all to take part in some 
way. If too long for one afternoon, the last topics may be omitted 
and used in the next programme, which will be devoted to parts of 
England outside of London. 

Pictures of the king and queen, and of England's former queen, 
Victoria, should have the post of honor under the flag. 



PROGRAMME. 85 

AN AFTERNOON IN ENGLAND. 



PROGRAMME. 



1. Introductory Remarks by Guide. 

2. Ocean Voyage. 

3. Recitation or reading, "Song of Steam." 

3. Music, An ocean song. 

4. Recitation, "England." 

5. Geography of England. 

6. Liverpool and the Docks. 

7. Recitation, "Liverpool." 

8. Recitation, "London." 

9. First glimpses of London. 

10. London city. 

11. The Thames River. 

12. London Bridges and Tower. 

13. Song or recitation, "London Bridge." 

14. London's Cathedral, "St. Paul." 

15. Westminster Abbey. 

16. Houses of Parliament and Government of England. 

17. Bank of England and Royal Exchange. 

18. Mansion House and Mayor. 

19. Story of Dick Whittington's Cat. 

20. Song, "Rule Britannia." 

21. British Museum and National Gallery. 

22. The Parks of London. 

23. The East End. 

24. Charles Dickens. 

25. The Palaces of London. 

26. London as a Business Center. 

27. The West End. 

28. Song, "The Roast Beef of Old England." 

29. A London Artist. 

30. Windsor Palace. 

31. England's Sovereign. 

32. Education. 

33. Song, "The Monarchy of Britain. " 



THE ROAST BEEF OF OLD ENGLAND. 

Boldly and marked. 




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A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 



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RECITATIONS FOR THE PROGRAMME. 



ENGLAND. 

This royal throne of kings, this sceptered isle, 

This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, 

This other Eden, demi-paradise, 

This fortress built by Nature for herself 

Against infection and the hand of war, 

This happy breed of men, this little world, 

This precious stone set in the silver sea, 

Which serves it in the office of a wall, 

Or as a moat defensive to a house, 

Against the envy of less happier lands, 

This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. 

— William Shakespeare. 

LIVERPOOL. 

In Liverpool, the good old town, we miss 

The grand old relics of a reverend past, 
Cathedrals, shrines that pilgrims come to kiss; 

Walls wrinkled by the blast. 

Some crypt or keep historically dear 

You find, go where you will, all England through-, 
But what have we to venerate, 

All here ridiculously new. 



RECITATIONS. gg 

Huge warehouses for cotton, rice and corn, 

Tea and tobacco, log and other wood ; 
Oils, tallow, hides that smell so foully foreign, 

Yea, all things known as goods. 

These we can show, but nothing to restore 

The spirit of old times, save here and there 
An ancient mansion with palatial door, 

In some degenerate square. 

Yet all is so ridiculously new, 

Except, perhaps, the river and the sky, 
The water and the immemorial blue 

Forever sailing by. 

— Extract from Robert Leigh ton's "Liverpool." 

LONDON. 

A mighty mass of brick, and smoke and shipping, 

Dirty and dusky, but as wide as eye 
Could reach, with here and there a sail just skipping 

In sight, then lost amidst the forestry 
Of masts ; a wilderness of steeples peeping 

On tip-toe through their sea-coal canopy. 
A huge, dim cupola, like a fools-cap crown 

On a fool's head— and there is London Town! 

— Lord Byron, 

LONDON BRIDGE. 

Proud and lowly, beggar and lord, 

Over the bridge they go ; 
Rags and velvet, fetter and sword, 

Poverty, pomp and woe. 
Laughing, weeping, hurrying ever 

Hour by hour they crowd along, 
While below, the mighty river 

Sings them all a mocking song. 
Hurry along, sorrow and song, 

All is vanity 'neath the sun ; 
Velvet and rags, so the world wags, 

Until the river no more shall run. 



90 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Dainty painted, powdered and gay, 

Rolleth my lady by; 
Rags and tatters, over the way, 

Under the open sky ; 
Flow'rs and dreams from country meadows, 

Dust and din thro' city skies, 
Old men creeping with their shadows ; 

Children with their sunny eyes, 
Hurry along, sorrow and song, 

All is vanity 'neath the sun; 
Velvet and rags, so the world wags, 

Until the riverjno more shall run. 

— F. E. Wtather'ly. 

THE HOMES OF ENGLAND. 

The stately homes of England, 

How beautiful they Btandl 
Amidst their tall ancestral trees, 

O'er all the pleasant hind. 
The deer across their greensward bound, 

Through shade and sunny gleam, 
And the swan glides past them with the sound 

Of some rejoicing stream. 

The merry homes of England! 

Around their hearths by night, 
What gladsome looks of household love 

Meet in the ruddy light. 
There woman's voice flows forth in song, 

Or childhood's tale is told, 
Or lips move tunefully along 

Some glorious page of old. 

The blessed homes of England! 

How softly on their bowers 
Is laid the holy quietness 

That breathes from Sabbath -hours. 



CLASS WORK. 91 

Solemn, yet sweet, the church bells' chime 
Floats through their woods at morn ; 

All other sounds in that still time, 
Of breeze and leaf are born. 

The cottage homes of England! 

By thousands on her plains, 
They are smiling o'er the silvery brooks, 

And 'round the hamlet-fanes. 
Through glowing orchards forth they peep, 

Each from its nook of leaves, 
And fearless there the lowly sleep, 

As the bird beneath their eaves. 

The free, fair homes of England! 

Long, long, in hut and hall, 
May hearts of native proof be rear'd 

To guard each hallow'd wall! 
And green forever be the groves, 

And bright the flowery sod, 
Where first the child's glad spirit loves 

Its country and its God! 

— Felicia Hermans. 

CLASS WORK. 

THE TRAVEL CLASS IN ENGLAND. 

Have pupils copy the following outline in their note-books for 
future use: 

1.— Preparation for the Trip. 

a. Best time to go. Why? 

b. Route to take by rail and water. Why? 

c. Clothing and baggage necessary. 

d. Guide books, passports. 

e. Cost of railroad and steamer tickets. 

f . How to take money. 

2. — Geography of the Country. 
a. Climate. 



92 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

b. Scenery. 

c. Points of interest. 

d. Products. What and where to buy articles. 

e. People. Personal appearance, dress, homes, education, 

employment, customs, amusements, fete days. 

3. — History. 

a. Government. 

b. Religion. 

c. Famous men and events in the history of state or church 

colonization. 

d. Explorers or colonists sent to America. 

If.. — Architecture. 

a. Public buildings. 

b. Houses of Parliament. 

c. Palaces. 

d. Cathedrals. 

e. Museums, art galleries. 

f. Homes of the people of different classes. 

5. — Art and Artists. 

Famous artists and sculptors, and descriptions of their work. 

6. — Music and Musicians. 

Famous musicians and their compositions. Characteristic 
music, folk songs, ballads, national airs. 

7. — Literature and Literary People. 

Authors, poets and their work. Selections of prose and 
poetry. 

PREPARATION FOR THE TRIP TO ENGLAND. 

With geographies, note-books, guide-books and time-tables 
before us, we look up railroad and steamer lines, and [decide as to 
our route to England. Good maps will be found in the rail- 
road guide-books. 

Suppose we go from Chicago to New York by way of the Penn- 
sylvania line. From New York we will take a vessel that will land 
us at Liverpool, and after a short atay there visit London for a 
month. 



CLASS WORK. 93 

Now that we have decided this much, we will telegraph ahead for 
our state-rooms. We will imagine that we have written, and wl.il,. 
waiting for reply will plan about the baggage. We will write also 
to Albany, New York, where the Kenwood rugs are made, for 
steamer rugs to be sent to the station on the day we pass through 
Albany. 

We will buy our steamer chairs, or rent them, as we think best. 
City newspapers publish once a week the lines of steamboats and 
time of sailing. The steamboat companies and officers also furnish 
guides, and give other necessary information. 

BAGGAGE. 

Why take a steamer trunk ? How large must this be ? (Differ- 
ent steamboat lines require different sizes of trunks. These must 
not be too large to slip under the berths in the staterooms.) 

What do we do with this trunk when we reach England ? (Leave 
it and its contents at the ship company's office. They will store it 
for us till we are ready to have it sent to the steamer on the return 
trip.) How many pounds of baggage allowed on steamer? (One 
hundred and fifty pounds.) On land ? (Fifty-six.) 

What other baggage shall we take ? (Hand-bags.) Why not 
trunks ? (Because every pound of baggage must be paid for in 
some countries abroad.) Any other reason ? (Custom-house 
examinations are ver} r tedious, especially if one has a trunk. \<> 
extra charge is made for hand-bags that can be taken into tin 
senger carriage.) What else will we need ? (Traveling rugs.) 
Why not a steamer chair ? (This may be rented from the steam- 
boat line for fifty cents or a dollar.) What else must we have? 
(Money.) Where will we get our money changed ? Will we need 
passports ? Of what use is a passport ? 

We must take warm clothing for steamer wear. This, as well as 
the steamer rug, may be packed away in the trunk and stored when 
we arrive. 

Our guide-books, toilet articles and necessary articles <>f clothing 
may be packed in linen or canvas bags, for these will be easier to 
carry about than heavy leather satchels. Remember that in Eng- 
land and many other countries there is no such convenient arrange- 
ment for checking baggage as we have at home. 



94 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

Having made a careful study of the United States last year, we 
note only the places of interest as we pass through the cities on ou 
way. 

After having had two or three conversational lessons, we begin 
our diaries (a composition book), in which we record all we see, hear 
and read about the places we visit. We also collect pictures from 
old magazines, newspapers, guide-books, Hood's Photos, Perry and 
Stoddard pictures, and everything that relates to the trip, and paste 
them in our diaries. 

When we reach Buffalo we change our watches one hour ahead, 
and have a short lesson in longitude and time. Arriving at New 
York one day before the steamer leaves, we have time to visit points 
of interest, the docks among others. We compare our steamer with 
others, large and small, and learn all we can of the many ships in 
harbor. 

The first thing we do after boarding the vessel is to visit our 
state-rooms and see that all our belongings are settled for the trip. 
A place at the dinner table must then be secured from the head 
steward, a steamer chair from the deck steward, and then we are 
ready for the long ocean voyage ahead of us. 

A part of the time on ship board might profitably be spent in 
finding out something about this wonderful ocean over which we 
sail. 

THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. 

Why was the Atlantic so called? (Tell stories of Mount Atlas 
and the Island of the Atlantic.) Call attention to the shape of the 
ocean, and find out how wide it is in its widest part. (Extreme 
width about five thousand miles, and its narrowest one thousand six 
hundred miles.) 

Compare this width with that of the United States. The uni- 
form width and length being found, determine its area (about 
35,000,000 square miles). Point out the north, south and inter- 
tropical divisions and arms of the- divisions. 

Note the bays and gulfs on the map, and question pupils as to 
what the names suggest, as, for instance, Hudson Bay. (Trading 
vessels, furs, skins, trading ports, ice.) What does the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence suggest? (Commerce, Cabot, St. Lawrence Rive.) 



CLASS WORK. 95 

The first few days out we see many vessels and fishing boats, 
and this is a good time to study these things. We sight an icebnrg 
also, and find what a monster it was through an article in a book 
called "By Land and Sea" (Perry Mason Co). 

What does the Gulf of Mexico suggest? (The gulf stream, the 
Mississippi River, warm temperature, Cuba, Florida Keys, steam- 
boats. ) 

Consider next the ocean currents. From what gulf does the 
equatorial current start? What is the rate of motion? In what 
direction does it flow? Describe the course of its two branches. 
What causes this great current in the ocean? What is the other 
great current? From what does the gulf stream issue? Through 
what strait? Describe its course. Does it influence the climate of 
any country? What ones? 

We find out by experience what a wind means on the ocean. We 
pass through a warm current, the gulf stream, and read an article 
about this in "By Land and Sea," which instructs us very much. 

We see a whale in the distance, and devote one lesson to the 
animal life of the ocean. We consider the structure, habits and 
character of the more important species near the surface and at 
great depth. 

The masses of floating sea-weed which we encounter in places 
will suggest material for a lesson on plant life in the ocean. 

If time permits, locate the islands of the Atlantic, and find out 
something of their size, position, productions and inhabitants. 

Another lesson is devoted to the steamships. When invented? 
By whom? First voyage, rate of speed, place, name, steam pack- 
ets, war steamers, merchant steamers, steamship lines. 

We read George Cutting's " Song of the Steam " in Zigzag Jour- 
neys in the British Isles, and realize anew the power of the impris- 
oned giant. 

Along the eastern coast of the United States we designate the 
various steamship lines, and at each important port place the initial 
or the name of the city, and also dotted lines showing the route of 
the produce and manufactures to and from Europe. We draw 
lines indicating coast trade, and over each line write the distance. 

One lesson is devoted to the Atlantic cable What is a cable? 



96 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO ENGLAND. 

How constructed? First Atlantic cable laid when? Last? Length? 
result? Second attempt? Year? Result? Later attempts? The 
Great Eastern. What are the advantages of such a means of com- 
munication? Find out the rates to England and other countries. 

Read and write sketches of the work of Cyrus Field and Prof. B. 
Morse. Make sketches of the Great Eastern. How many cables 
are in use at the present time? Read ' k The Atlantic Cable" by Whittier. 

We first touch Queenstown, and leave mail and passengers there. 
Then we proceed to Liverpool, the greatest seaport in the world, 
where we have a lesson on dry and wet docks. 

Baedekers Guide to Great Britain, Harper's Hand Book and the 
Satchel Guide will tell us much about Liverpool. As it is interest- 
ing mainly for the many boats from different nations that enter its 
harbor, we have one lesson on it, and hurry on to London. 

We have our baggage inspected at the Custom House in Liver- 
pool, and also have our money exchanged for English money. For 
a month now we must make change and pay bills with pounds, 
shillings and pence. 

Baedeker's Guide to Great Britain tells us how to get to London, 
the time, expense, etc. This guide is almost indispensable in 
teaching London. A good map of London can be drawn from it on 
the blackboard, and the streets and places we visit marked on it. 

Our first day in London is spent on top' of an omnibus, riding 
through Pall Mall, Piccadilly, the Strand and other important 
streets, drawn upon map on blackboard. 

Our second lesson on London is London Bridge, old and new, 
and the other bridges that cross the Thames. We now notice that 
London is built on both sides of the Thames, and is larger than our 
Chicago. The Thames river is included in this lesson. 

By this time, London with its fog and smoke is a great picture 
book to us, and we take the pictures one at a lesson and study the 
following: St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, British 
Museum, Houses of Parliament, London Tower, Bank of England, 
National Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Albert Memorial, Zoological 
Gardens, the parks of London, the poor of London, London as a 
great commercial city, and the characteristics and sports of the 
English people. 



CLASS WORK. 



97 



We take little excursions from London to Greenwich, when we 
have another lesson in longitude and time, to Windsor, the Qn< 
country home, to Eton, and the Crystal Palace. 

In our language work at this time we study the lives of great 
English men and women, and some of the most interesting parte of 
English history. We learn something of England's army and Davy, 
the occupations of the English people, of King Edward, of Eng- 
land's former queen, Victoria, and the progress she witnessed in 
the world's history during her long reign. In part second of the 
Little Journey to England, we will leave London and visit other 
cities and places of note. We will also take a journey into Wales, 
a country of which travellers usually see and know very little. 

REFERENCE BOOKS. 

Bay View Magazines, 1900-1901. 

London of To-Day Pascoe 

flow London Lives Gordon 

London Fry-Hutton 

London Pictures Lorett 

The Poor of London ftfahew 

Curiosities of London Timbs 

London Baedeker 

Great Britain Baedeker 

Rural Life of England Howitt 

.English Education Sharpless 

Our English Cousins Davis 

Walks in London Hare 

England as Seen by an American Banker Patten 

English Pictures Manning 

Notes on England and Italy Mrs. Hawthorne 

Our Old Home Hawthorne N 

On the Thames, 1891 Pennell 

An American Four-in-Hand in Britain Carnegie 

Our Own Country (5 vols) 

English Traits Hm ' 

Notes on England Tainr 

Through the British Empire Hnbnei 



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BINOERY INC. 

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